Even though sexual reproduction is biologically costly, the majority of organisms reproduce sexually, only 0,1% of animal species presenting some form of asexual reproduction. PARTHENOGENESIS is a type of asexual reproduction, defined as the development of an unfertilized egg that usually results in the production of all-female offspring.​

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The distribution of sexuals and parthenogens is very diferent for a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. Generally, asexuals occupy more isolated habitats, have a broader geographic distribution and can often be found in marginal habitats.​ Islands are regarded as ideal habitats for for parthenogenetic forms not only because of their isolation but also because the number of biological interactions is lower.



The following articles refer to parthenogenesis is different species of insects, arachnids and reptiles.



• Rivera, A.C., Carballa M.O.L., Utzeri C., Vieira V (2005). Parthenogenetic Ischnura Hastata (Say), widespread in the Azores (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Odonatologica, 34(1): 1-9
• Brown, S. W. (1965). Chromosomal survey of the armoured and palm scale insects (Coccoidea: Diaspididae and Phoenicococcida). Hilgardia 36: 189-214
• Ross, E.S. (1966). The Embioptera of Europe and the mediterranean region. Bulletin of British Museum Entomology 17: 273-326
• Stefani, R. (1956) Il problema della partenogenesi in Haploembia solieri Ramb (Embioptera: Oligotomidae). Atti Accad. Nazionale Lincei Cl. Sci. Fisiche Matematiche Natur., Sec. 3a, Ser. 8 5: 127-200
• Sminthers, C.N. (1969). On small collection of Psocptera from Britaina. Entomol. Monthly Mag. 105: 54 
• Williams G.C. (1969). The British species of the genus Amischa Thomson (Col. Staphylinidae) including A. soror Kraatz, an addition to the list. Entomol. Monthly Mag. 105: 38-43 
• Lawrence J.F. (1974). The ciid beetles of California (Coleoptera: Ciidae). Bulletin Of The California Insect Survey 17: 1-41
• Takenouchi, Y. (1974). A study of polyploidy in races of Japanese weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Genetica 46: 327-334
• Lourenço W. R., Ythier E., Cloudsley-Thompson J.L. (2007). Parthenogenesis in Hottentotta caboverdensis (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Cape Verde islands. Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 141: 193–196
• Makioka, T.; Koike K. (1984). Parthenogenesis in the viviparous scorpion Liochelis australasiae Proc Japan Acad B 60: 374-376 
• Wrigth, J.W., Lowe, C.H. (1968). Weeds, polyploids, parthenogenesis and the geographical and ecological distribution of all-female species of Cnemidophorus. Copeia 1: 128-13
• Cole, C.J., Dessauer, H.C., Townsend, C.R., Arnold, M.G. (1990). Unisexual lizards of the genus Gymnothalmus (Reptilia: Teiidae) in the Neotropics. Genetics, orgin and systematics. Amer. Mus. Novitates 2994: 29pp​